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| (a.s.): | Alaihi Al Salaam (usually said for Ahlul Bayt) |
| (pbuh): | Peace be upon him (said for Prophet Muhammad) |
| (r): | Radhia Allaahu unhu (said for Al Khulafaa Al Rashidoon) |
| (swt): | Subhaanahu wa Ta'aala (said for Allah) |
| A'isha: | Wife of the Prophet (pbuh) |
| Aal: | Progeny of |
| Abdullah Ibn Sarrah: | Leader of Muslims in Catharage, Tunisia, relative of Uthman |
| Abu Bakr: | The first Khalifa |
| Abu Ubaida ibn Jarrah: | Commander-in-Chief in Syria after Khalid ibnil Waleed |
| Abu Sufyan: | Father of Mu'awiya, was enemy of Islam, then became Muslim when Mecca was in the hands of the Muslims, was one of Tulaqaa' |
| Abu‑Musa Ash'ari | Governor of Kufa dismissed by Ali, then during Siffin Battle Ali was forced to accept him to arbitrate as his representative |
| Ayn al Tamr: | One of the Persian towns conquered by Khalid ibnil Waleed |
| Ajnadain: | A major battle in which the Muslims were victorious |
| Al‑Hasan: | The son of Imam Ali, grandson of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) |
| Al‑Husain: | The son of Imam Ali, grandson of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) |
| Al‑Muthanna: | A military leader famous for the Battle of the Bridge (Persian Territory) |
| Al‑Tulaqaa': | A term scornfully used for those who became Muslims when Mecca was triumphed over, (examples were Abu Sufyan and his son Mu'awiya) |
| Alexandria: | Famous port in Egypt, seat of learning, resisted the siege by Muslims for 14 months |
| Ali: | The fourth Khalifa, ardent supporter and defender of Islam, cousin of the Prophet and his son-in-law, a towering personality |
| Ammar ibn Yasir: | A highly respected Sahaabi (Companion) who was killed in Siffin Battle; the Prophet predicted that the malicious people would kill him (Mu'awiya's supporters) |
| Amr ibnil Aas: | A tricky person who suggested to Mu'awiya to raise the Qurans on tips of spears; also tricked Ash'ari in the arbitration. For that Mu'awiya rewarded him by appointing him Governor of Egypt |
| Anbaar: |
One of the towns in south west of Persian Empire that Khalid conquered |
| Ash'ath Ibn Qais: | A General in Ali's army at Siffin who betrayed him and became a secret agent for Mu'awiya. He was instrumental in stopping the fighting in Siffin. |
| Bahman: | A military Persian leader killed in battle with the Muslims |
| Baraz: | A military Persian leader killed in battle with the Muslims |
| Basrah: | A town in south of Iraq that suffered during the Jamal Confrontation |
| Battle of the chain: | An early battle between the Muslims and Persian Empire; the Muslims won |
| Benu Umayya: | A worldly oriented clan who had negative influence on the Muslim Ummah; (Uthman was from them but he was the exception, he was very good) |
| Berber: | Wild tribes known for being ferocious fighters, used by the Byzantines (Romans) in Catharage |
| Busrah: | A town conquered by Khalid on his way to Yarmuk Valley |
| Byzantines: | A superpower of the old world which had many military confrontations with the Muslims |
| Catharage: | A town of a major battle between Muslims and Byzantines under Gregorius |
| Chaldaea: | Province in south west Persia |
| Companions: |
Companions of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) |
| Constantine: | New Emperor of the Byzantines |
| Cypress: | An island in the Mediterranean Sea which the Muslims made a naval base |
| Dawmat al Jundal: | A town which Khalid conquered as he helped Ibn Ghanim |
| Fatima: | The beloved daughter of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and the wife of Imam Ali, the mother of Al‑Hasan and Al-Husain; died six months after the Prophet's death |
| Feruz: | A non-Muslim who killed Khalifa Omar |
| Ghadeer Khum: | The place in which the Prophet (pbuh) recommended Ali to succeed him |
| Gregorius: | A Byzantine General who lost in Catharage Battle |
| Habib Ibn Muslim: | A Muslim leader who averted fighting in rebelling Armenia by killing its leader |
| Hafsa: | Daughter of Khalifa Omar and wife of the Prophet (pbuh) |
| Hamza: | Uncle of the Prophet (pbuh) who was killed in Ohod Battle |
| Heera: | Town in south western Persia conquered by Khalid ibnil Waleed |
| Heracleus: | An Emperor of the Byzantines |
| Hijrah: | Islamic Calendar, starting from the date in which the Prophet (pbuh) left Mecca to adopt Medina as his hometown. |
| Hormuz: |
A military leader of the Persians whom Khalid killed at Hafr |
| Hufair: | The area conquered by Khalid in which the battle between Hormuz and Khalid took place |
| Ibn: | The son of |
| Ibn Abbas: | A highly respected authority in Islam, a student of Ali and his ardent supporter |
| Ibn Ghanim: | A Muslims military leader whom Khalid helped |
| Ibn Muljim: | The killer of Imam Ali, a Khariji who poisoned his sword for the purpose |
| Ikrama: | A person who swore to fight unto death at the Yarmuk Battle |
| Jahiliya: | Times of ignorance (before Islam) |
| Jamal Battle: | A battle between the renouncers and Imam Ali near Basrah |
| Jehan: | A Persian military leader who was killed in battle |
| Julowlaa': | A place for famous military operation between the Muslims and the Persian Empire |
| Khalid Ibnil Waleed: | A military genius of the time, who was successful in all operations then turned against him; was removed by Khalifa Omar after Yarmuk Battle |
| Khalifa: | The successor to Prophet Muhammad (pbuh); to rule the Muslim nation. |
| Kharijis: | A break away group from Ali's side who forced Ali into arbitration; played havoc in the region and some of them fought Ali at Nahrawan |
| Khilaafah: | The reign of a Khalifa. |
| Khulafaa: | Plural of the word Khalifa in Arabic, i.e., meaning Khalifas |
| Khusrau II: | A Persian Emperor who mistreated Prophet Muhammad's envoy |
| Kufa: | A town in southern Iraq which became the capital of the Islamic state at Ali's time |
| Lion of God: | A term used by Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) to describe Ali |
| Marwan: | A conniving person who caused great trouble in giving Uthman bad advice |
| Masjid of the Rock: | The mosque built by Omar in Jerusalem |
| Mathaar: | A town in which the Persians lost the battle and a good many battleships |
| Mecca: |
The holy city of Islam, in Arabia, witnessing so much religious history. Medina: A town north of Mecca, the center of feverish activity during the life of the Prophet (pbuh) and the Authentic Khalifas. |
| Mu'awiya: | A ambitious Governor of Syria who defied Ali and fought him at Siffin to the detriment of the Muslim Ummah |
| Mu'ta: | A place of military operation between Muslims and the Byzantines, in which Muslims were about to be annihilated |
| Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr: | The son of Abu Bakr, was on Ali's side during the Jamal Battle |
| Musailema: | The chief imposter who fought the Muslims after the Prophet (pbuh) |
| Muthanna: | Hero of the Battle of the Bridge |
| Nahawand: | A military engagement between the Muslims and the Persian Empire |
| Nahjul Balaaghah: | The famous book containing collections of Imam Ali's speeches and orations, along with his sayings |
| Nahrawan: | The place where Ali pacified the Kharijis |
| Naila: | Wife of Uthman whose two fingers were severed when Uthman was killed |
| Namariq: | Battle between Muslims under Thaqafi and the Persians under Jehan in which Jehan lost his life |
| Omar: | The second great authentic Khalifa |
| Persian Empire: | Superpower of the old world at the time of Al-Khulafaa Al-Rashidoon |
| Qadisiya: | The decisive battle that opened the way to Persia for the Muslims |
| Romans: | Byzantines, superpower of the old world at the time of Al-Khulafaa Al-Rashidoon |
| Rustam: | Commander-in-Chief of the Persian forces who was killed at Qadisiya Battle |
| Sa'ad Ibn Abi‑Waqqas: | Muslim leader at Qadisiya Battle |
| Sahaaba: | The Companions of the Prophet (pbuh), plural of Sahaabi |
| Shoora: | The process of election recommended in the Quran |
| Shurah'beel ibn Hasna: | One of the leaders dispatched to Syria by Abu Bakr |
| Siffin: |
The fateful battle between Imam Ali and the forces of Mu'awiya Sunnah: Tradition of the Prophet (pbuh) |
| Syria: | The country that constitutes "Syria, Jordan, Palestine, and Lebanon" at the present time |
| Talha: | A Companion who gave allegiance to Ali then reversed himself (Renouncer) |
| Taurus Mountains: | The rugged mountains in Anatolia, (Turkey today) |
| Thaqafi: | A Muslim military leader who lost his life by being tramped upon by the elephant |
| Thul‑Noorain: | Uthman, because he was twice married to the Prophet's daughters |
| Tripoli: | Muslims reached this area as they advanced in North Africa |
| Tulaqaa': | A term scornfully used for those who became Muslims when Mecca was triumphed over, (examples were Abu Sufyan and his son Mu'awiya) |
| Tunisia: | Muslims reached this area as they advanced in North Africa |
| U'sama: | A 20 year old Muslim leader who did well against the Byzantines (Romans) |
| Ummah: | Muslim society |
| Uthman: | Third Khalifa, best contribution of which was having the Quran put in writing and distributed to Provinces |
| Wahshi: | The one who killed Musailema |
| Yamamah: | The Battle in which Khalid ibnil Waleed triumphed over Musailema the Liar |
| Yarmuk: | The decisive battle between the Muslims under Khalid who was victorious and the Byzantines |
| Yazdajird: | Persian Emperor |
| Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan: | Son of Abu Sufyan who was appointed Governor of Syria, who died soon, was replaced by his brother Mu'awiya |
| Zaid Ibn Thabit: | Famous scribe of the Holy Quran and the one who later wrote it |
| Zoroastrianism: | Religion that glorifies light, was practiced in Persia (Duality of the Deities) |
| Zubair: | A Companion who renounced his allegiance to Ali, wanted to fight him, then changed his mind and did not participate in Jamal Confrontation |
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